A Brief Biography of Keira Knightley - 1123 Words

Keira Knightley is a beautiful and talented British actress known for her complex and varied film roles. Her body of work has included drama as well as comedic roles. She has earned the respect of many through her accomplished acting career and endearing personality; inspite of her many personal struggles, she has maintained her status as a beloved hard working star and one of the most influential women in British Culture. Keira Christina Knightley was born on March 26th, 1985 in the south London suburb of Richmond. Her conception came as a surprise to her parents ,Will and Sharman Knightley. Will and sharman were both heavily involved in showbusiness. Will was an actor and Sharman was an actress turned playwright. The couple only planned on having one child, Keira’s older brother Caleb, born in 1979. Even though she was a surprise her parents couldn’t have been happier to welcome another child to the family. Life was going as normal as possible for the Knightley’s with their two beautiful children. It was inevitable that Keira and Caleb would be raised in a household where writing and performing are very prevalent. Keira asked for her first agent at the age of three. At the age of six she was diagnosed with dyslexia. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with understanding despite normal intelligence. It is the most common learning difficu lty. Keira severely struggled with reading in school, and her parents quickly took

Jack Morris. Mr. Cummins. Mercury. 03/06/17. Mercury....

Jack Morris Mr. Cummins Mercury 03/06/17 Mercury Introduction Hello! Today you will learn about the planet Mercury! YEAH!!! I hope you find Mercury quite interesting (just like I did when I was researching) and enjoy this presentation and have your minds blown†¦ BOOM! Now, let s gain some knowledge†¦ Oh! One more thing, you might want to take some notes as I m reading this because they might come in handy later so get out those notebooks or post-it-notes or what ever. Ok, Now let s gain some knowledge. Mercury’s Surface Mercury doesn’t have an atmosphere, so it can’t contain the heat from the sun. Temperatures on the planet can reach 800 degrees fahrenheit (pretty darn hot!) and can reach 290 degrees below fahrenheit (brrrr!!!). As you†¦show more content†¦Well because the North Pole on Mercury (yes there is a North Pole on Mercury) never faces the sun. So it is very cold there. So they believe that ice could be on Mercury. Well why doesn’t it just melt then? It’s because temperatures there are about -161†¦ celsius (about -258 fahrenheit). So I doubt that the ice can melt. So did that help you understand a little bit? What is Mercury made of Mercury is basicly just a giant ball of iron in space. Fun Facts About Mercury *If you stood on Mercury’s surface you would weigh 38% less of your weight then here on Earth *No one knows who discovered Mercury. (hhhhhmmmmmmm) *As you may already know, Mercury has no rings or moons. Conclusion Well I hope you enjoyed this presentation and learned something interesting or just anything at all. I know I sure learned something while I was writing this and gathering information for this paper. I worked very hard on this. Now, remember when I told you to write notes?Well I hope you did because it’s time for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...QUESTIONS!!!! QUESTIONS! First†¦ What is Mercury made of? Answer: Iron How big is Mercury in diameter? Answer: less than 3030 in diameter And who discovered Mercury? Answer: No one knows Works Cited Astronomy For Kids. Astronomy For Kids - KidsAstronomy.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. . Contributor, Nola Taylor Redd Space.com. How Big Is Mercury? Space.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. . Dunford, Bill.

Aspiring to Leadership for Facilitators and Barriers- Block & Quayle

Question: Discuss about the term of Aspiring to Leadership for Facilitators and Barriers? Answer: Introduction The assignment seeks a deep insight on the structure and culture of BQ and its influence towards employee motivation and engagement. The study would reflect the important management and leadership styles that are identical for organizational productivity. The learner would implement motivational theories and strategies for influencing the performance of the employees. The technological aspect of the management is also taken into consideration with special impetus on lateral thinking and creative application. Identification of the current culture and structure at BQ BQ plc, originally referred as Block Quayle is a British multinational DIY and Hom improvement retailing company with its head quarter in Eastleigh, England, United Kingdom. The culture and structure of the organization revolves around its broadening diversity policy. The organization had certain concerns about the ageing population, shortage of lager and enhanced competition amongst the employers for recruitment of younger workers. The organization selected some older employees with the notion that they are more hard working and loyal towards the organization (Bush 2015). Similarly, the younger employees were more tech-savvy in nature. The relationships between the elder and older employees were at stake, especially when the younger employees had authority. There further criticism about the older employees due to frequent absenteeism and physical inability. Comparison of culture and structure with another organization and demonstrating the impact on its performance in light of broadening diversity policy Travis Perkins Plc and BQ are archrivals in the competitive market of UK. However, the working culture and structure of the organizations are totally contrasting to each other. While both the organization practice a diverse workforce culture, the employees of Travis Perkins Plc does not get to interact directly with the hierarchy of the organization. The administrative rules are very strict and an employee does not have any role in the decision-making process (Fishleigh 2013). While the salary package is quite high, extended work pressure and ill treatment of the employees have bought the organizational culture under scanner in numerous occasions. The high authorities prioritized their favorites and bullied the new comers in the organization. This scenario has enhanced the attrition rate of the organization off late. The working atmosphere is toxic in nature comprising of wannabe managers. On the other hand, although BQ had concerns about the ageing population, yet the organization did not discriminate amongst the employees (Goodall 2013). There was a proper flow of information amongst all forms of management and employees worked in a friendly environment, where they could share their innovative thoughts and creative ideas without any hesitation. The leaders were supportive in nature and always aimed to motivate the employees at work. Factors influencing individual behavior at work to BQ diversity policies The organization implemented diversity policy in the working environment, concentrating on the fact that there is free flow of information amongst all forms of management. The organization engaged individuals coming from diverse cultures. Disabled employees are also included to the employment charts. The organization gave in house-training, apprenticeships and qualifications to the employees and featured them consistently on the advertising campaigns. The employees had a strong involvement in the decision-making process and could communicate directly with the chief executive through effective communication channels (Guivarch and Hallegatte 2013). The structure of the organization was hierarchical in nature, yet the diversity managers could directly interact with the chief executive. BQ ran an employee recognition scheme and was transparent about the functions and operations of the organization through video presentations. Examining the effectiveness of leadership and management style at BQ Successful managers and leaders acts as a life wire of the organization for gaining supremacy in the competitive market. The managers and leaders of BQ always motivate, inspire and engage the employees for enhancing their performance in a successful manner. The managers of the organization follow a permissive and reactive management style at the work place. The permissive management style helps the employees to feature in the advertising campaigns and decision-making process of the company (Emira 2013). The managers assist the employees at every possible step and remove all the obstacles that could hinder the performance of the employees. The reactive management style helps in combating the various problems as it comes. This type of management style allows the manager to assess the conflicting situations quickly and provide instant solutions by making effective utilization of the available resources. The reactive managers of BQ help the organization to be flexible in nature and addre ss any issues without much hesitation. The management follows transformational and participative leadership style at the workplace. The participative leadership style of allows the employees to take part in vital organizational operations, but the final decision lies with the participative leader. This type of leadership style is usually helpful for higher management, when they need to take crucial decisions (EL-Annan 2015). The transformational leadership style exhibits high level of communication between the employees and management for achieving the objective oriented outcomes. The leaders of BQ motivate the employees of the organization through effective communication and visibility to enhance their performance in a successful manner. Comparison of leadership and management styles in another organization The management and leadership style of Travis Perkins Plc contrasts from that of BQ in the competitive market. While BQ follows transformational and participative leadership style, the latter one is more comfortable with transactional and autocratic leadership mentalities. The managers implementing the transactional leadership style rewards or punish employees of the organization depending on the achievement of targets. The managers of Travis Perkins Plc prioritize certain employees over the other (Bush 2015). The autocratic style is also prevalent in the organization where the managers take the decisions on their own without the consent of the employees. In case of BQ, the employees take active participation in deciding organizational procedures and operations. Furthermore, the employees are not bullied by the hierarchy, as is the case Travis Perkins plc. In contrast to B Q, the management incorporates the autocratic and predictive management style. While autocratic management style received several criticisms regarding autocratic management style, it gained several accolades and recognition for its application in predictive management. Predictive management helps the organization to preserve their resources by diagnosing the problems at an early stage. The reactive management style of BQ may drain organizational economy, whereas, Travis Perkins Plc made a smart move by taking precautions on an early basis for diminishing chances of error in a successful manner. Supporting the leadership and management style of BQ by organizational theory The ability of the leader and the manager to lead and manage is contingent upon various situational scenarios, which also takes the preferred style of leadership and management, behavior of the followers and other factors for gaining supremacy in the competitive market. The contingency theory refers to a set of behavioral patterns stating that there is no particular ways of leading and managing employees (Hess and Bacigalupo 2014). A leadership or a management style, which finds success in one situation, may sound very irrelevant in another situation. For example, a manager of BQ may be effective in handling the employees during a productive session, and fail to address the same employees at times of crisis. Therefore, situational factors, the tempo of the environment and the motive of the followers are identical for the implementation of efficient management and leadership capabilities. Relevant theories of Leadership and Management There are various relevant theories of leadership and management that are crucial for extracting optimum performance from the employees. The managers of BQ implement systems theory by identifying the various schemes and structure that may affect the employee and how the employees reciprocate in return. Changes are uncertain and constant in the organization. As the organization is growing in the competitive market, there are viable complexities and changes in the structure and operational segments of the organization. There the chaos theory comes into play, which states that certain changes are inevitable and as time passes by it would continue to evolve and change. When the employees of BQ under perform at regular intervals, the leaders implement powers and influence theories to get things done in a forceful manner under strict rules and regulations (Hope 2014). The implementation of trait theories takes active participation for identifying leadership qualities in individuals such as empathy, decision-making skills, assertiveness, likability etc. Range of theories and source of information to demonstrate approaches in other organizations The application of Theory X and Theory Y is quite prevalent in the working culture of Travis Perkins Plc. The managers feel that certain employees are less ambitious in nature and require incentives to enhance their performance lean towards Theory X management style. The managers following the Theory Y leadership style believes that employees have talent and could take up the responsibility to enhance the productivity of the organization. The Theory X managers apply authoritarian leadership style on the new comers and encourage participation in decision-making from the favorite employees (Kay 2013). In case of Agros Limited, the management follows the behavioral theory of leadership by appreciating employees who abide by the rules and regulations of the organization and scolding the ones who cannot achieve targets and lacks punctuality while attending crucial meetings. Another competitor of BQ , Homebase Limited implements the full range theory of leadership by enhancing the motivati on and morale through connection of employees identity sense to a project or collective identity of the organization. Impact of leadership style on different motivational theories at the workplace The leaders of BQ follow the participative and transformational leadership style, which a huge impact on the motivational theories has implemented at the workplace. The management implements the Herzberg Theory of Motivation at the workplace. There are certain job factors that initiate satisfaction, while others prevent dissatisfaction from the employees. The hygiene and motivation factors of finds its application from the practice of transformational and participative leadership style in the organization (Levasseur 2013). The hygiene factors tend to satisfy the employees for charter version, while the motivational factors spread an element of motivation and togetherness amongst the employees. The managers and leaders of the organization always tend to motivate the employees in order to enhance their performance in an effective manner. The management also implements the equity theory to engage the employees of the organization .According to this theory; it is not the actual rewards that motivates, but the perception matters. For example, if an employee gets 25% hike on his salary along with his teammates, it gets motivated even if he worked harder than his colleagues did. However, the same employee would get de-motivated, if his colleague gets 30% hike in his salary, despite being less productive in nature (Liasidou and Antoniou 2015). The management always identifies the deserving ones and rewards them according to their merit. Possible effects of motivational strategy and recommending the most appropriate one The management often implements various strategies for motivating the employees of the organization. The motivational strategies of the organization usually comprise of quality of supervision, organizational policies, physical working conditions, interpersonal relationship and security of jobs. In the context of BQ, the organization is very much fluent in these departments, allowing an organization to ensure long-term sustenance in the competitive market (Mbokazi 2015). However, the management must focus on other motivational strategies such as incentives, performance appraisal, promotions, personal growth and corporate training for motivating the employees on a better note. Extent to which the motivational theories would be able to assist the managers and relative limitations The application of two factor theory of motivation and equity theory assist the managers on numerous occasions. Upon motivating the employees, they gave extra effort in order to reflect on the profit margin of the organization. The application of the motivational strategies would present a positive atmosphere in the working environment and allow the employees to resolve the issues with a collaborative approach. The two-theory of motivation have its barriers, as they are unable to handle situational variables at times. The motivational theory implemented by Herzberg stressed more on satisfaction and ignored the productivity of the organization (Putta 2014). Therefore, BQ lacks comprehensive measurement of productivity in their organization, despite the fact they motivate their employees in a successful manner. The organization also implemented the equity theory for motivating their employees, which is not free from biasness, as it is in association with the natural reaction of the employees. Apply theories about the nature of groups and group behavior. Also evaluating factors that could hinder or influence effective teamwork BQ consists of various groups in its diverse workforce culture. At times, the groups comprised of normative views, which stated about the organization of groups and the relative actions that were carried out. The group dynamics of the organization referred to various techniques in relation to the internal nature of the groups. The employees of BQ usually comprise of two types of groups- formal groups and informal groups. Formal Groups: Formal groups are prepared by organizations to conduct a particular task. The groups usually comprise of a formal structure, designated for a particular specification of work. The attributes of formal groups usually comprise of a sense of identity, loyalty to the groups and purpose leadership qualities (Vance 2012). Informal Groups The employees themselves execute these types of groups. However, it does not comprise of any formal structure Focus on Goals, compensation of employee efforts; communication skills and ability of dealing with conflicts are the essential factors that could influence teamwork in the organization. Similarly, wrong interpretation of management styles, impact of change and lagging on a common goal hinders team performance at BQ. Evaluating the possible impact of technology on team functioning at BQ The advent of technology has a huge impact on team functioning at BQ. In the contemporary scenario, the advent of technology allows the organization to gain supremacy in the competitive market. The organization makes changes and updates their systems according to the changing taste and interest of the consumers. The basic technological aspect that has improved team functions comprise of email, mobile phones, groupware and computers. The advancement of technology is very much essential for teams to provide effective services to the consumers in a timely manner (Kay 2013). Therefore, the organization takes active participation in recruiting younger talents who are Tech- savvy in nature. Examine the technologies developed at BQ The intelligent control system refers to installation in more than 50 BQ stores within the country. Lighting is the main cost factor involved in the organization. The LiGO system assumes total control by setting lighting systems in a successful manner. At the beginning of trading, the stores implement day light control with the LiGO sensors handling relative aisle to the expected level. Upon installation of energy-efficient light fittings handled by the LiGO system, the organization experienced reduction in energy savings, which accounts for financial savings in a economical year. Application of creative and lateral thinking regarding how technologies could further promote team functioning at BQ The organization aims to recommend certain technologies for promoting team functioning in the competitive market. The application of programmed thinking and lateral thinking would assist the management to build a successful team for BQ. The inclusion of good pattern recognition would assist the situations at a relative faster rate. The lateral thinking of the management would assist in providing original solutions to the rising issues of the organization. The thinking of the management is logical and disciplined by nature, which allows them to ensure quality products and service excellence. The employees of the organization implement creative thoughts and innovative ideas for ensuring successful functioning of teamwork at BQ. Conclusion On the contrary, it concludes that B Q implements effective management and leadership styles for gaining supremacy in the competitive market. The organization exhibits a diverse working policy, which allows the employees to participate in the decision-making process. The management are very much cordial towards the employees and always provide assistance regarding any conflicts rising in the organization. The advents of LiGO technology have assisted the organization to conserve energy. The organization is looking forward to enhance their abilities through application of technological implosion and lateral thinking. Reference List Bush, T., 2015 aspiring to leadership: Facilitators and barriers. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 43(6), pp.855-860 Bush, T., 2015 Teacher leadership: Construct and practice Educational Management Administration Leadership, 43(5), pp.671-672 Bush, T., 2015 Understanding instructional leadership Educational Management Administration Leadership, 43(4), pp.487-489 EL-Annan, S., 2015 The Relationship between Project Manager Skills and Leadership Skills in the Workplace British Journal of Economics, Management Trade, 8(1), pp.8-18 Emira, M., 2013 Support staff leadership: Opportunities and challenges. Leadership, 9(1), pp.23-41. Fishleigh, J., 2013. Soft Skills: a Valuable Business Tool or Just Psychobabble?. Legal Information Management, 13(04), pp.251-255 Goodall, J., 2013. Recruit for Attitude, Train for Skills: Creating High Performing Leadership Teams. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 41(2), pp.199-213 Guivarch, C. and Hallegatte, S., 2013. 2C or not 2C?. Global Environmental Change, 23(1), pp.179-192 Hess, J. and Bacigalupo, A., 2014. Enhancing Management Problem-Solving Processes through the Application of Emotional Intelligence Skills Journal of Management Policies and Practices, 2(3) Hope, J., 2014. Improve your knowledge, skills with new enrollment management book. Enrollment Management Report, 18(10), pp.1-5 Kay, J., 2013. Management skills - Rein in your inner chimp. Nursing Management, 20(4), pp.11-11 Levasseur, R., 2013. People Skills: Developing Soft Skills A Change Management Perspective Interfaces, 43(6), pp.566-571 Liasidou, A. and Antoniou, A., 2015. Head teachers leadership for social justice and inclusion School Leadership Management, 35(4), pp.347-364 Mbokazi, Z., 2015. Dimensions of successful leadership in Soweto township secondary schools =Educational Management Administration Leadership, 43(3), pp.468-482 Putta, S., 2014. Improving Entrepreneur's Management Skills through Entrepreneurship Training Jour. Comm. and Manag Thou 5(3), p.459-478 Vance, C., 2012. Assurance of Learning in Ethical Decision-Making Skills Journal of Management Inquiry, 22(1), pp.140-140

Violence And Pornography Essay Example For Students

Violence And Pornography Essay Pornography Sex or Subordination?In the late Seventies, America became shocked and outragedby the rape, mutilation, and murder of over a dozen young,beautiful girls. The man who committed these murders, Ted Bundy, was later apprehended and executed. During hisdetention in various penitentiaries, he was mentallyprobed and prodded by psychologist and psychoanalystshoping to discover the root of his violent actions andsexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts toexplain the motivational factors behind his murderousescapades. However, the strongest and most feasible ofthese theories came not from the psychologists, but fromthe man himself, ?as a teenager, my buddies and I wouldall sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older, Ibecame more and more interested and involved in it, became an obsession. I got so involved init, I wanted to incorporate into my life, but Icouldnt behave like that and maintain the success I hadworked so hard for. I generated an alter-ego to fulfillmy fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means ofunlocking the evil I had burried inside myself? (Leidholdt47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the keyto unlocking the evil in more unstable minds?According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcherin the pornography field, ?the relationship betweensexually violent images in the media and subsequentaggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women ismuch stonger statistically than the relationship betweensmoking and cancer? (Itzin 22). After considering theincrease in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, andother sex crimes over the last few decades, and also thecorresponding increase of business in the pornographyindustry, the link between violence and pornogrpahy needsconsiderable study and examination. Once the evidence youwill encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified,it will be hard not come away with the realization thathabitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealisticand unattainable des ires in men that can leac to violentbehavior toward women. In order to properly discuss pornography, and be ableto link it to violence, we must first come to a basic andagreeable understanding of what the word pornographymeans. The term pornogrpahy originates from two greekwords, porne, which means harlot, and graphein, whichmeans to write (Websters 286). My belief is that thecombination of the two words was originally meant todescribe, in literature, the sexual escapades of womendeemed to be whores. As time has passed, this definitionof pornography has grown to include any and all obsceneliterature and pictures. At the present date, the term isbasically a blanket which covers all types of materialsuch as explicit literature, photography, films, and videotapes with varying degrees of sexual content. We will write a custom essay on Violence And Pornography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For Catherine Itzins research purposes pornogrpahy has been divided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing; and the sexually explicit, nonviolent, and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic, showing penetration and ejaculation. Also, it shows the violent act toward a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax, but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed is a costume or being ?talked down to in order to reduce her to something not human; such as a body part or just something to have sex with, a body opening or an orifice. Not only does ?erotica show the entire graphic sexual act, it also depicts an attraction between two people. Her research consistently shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two, but that the third ?erotica, is harmless (22). These three categories basically exis t as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true distinction, as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence, but shows the act as being a mutual activity between the people participating. In my view, to further divide pornography, it is possible to break it down into even simpler categories: soft and hard core pornography. Hard core pornography isa combination of the sexually explicit and violent and thesexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating anddehumanizing categories, previously discussed. Soft corepornography is thought to be harmless and falls into thecategory known as ?erotica; which is the category basedon mutuality. In hard core pornogrpahy, commonly ratedXXX, you can see graphic depictions of violent sexualacts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexualgratification from the degradation of a woman. You can also see women participating in demoralizingsexual behavior among themselves for the gratification ofmen. In a triple-X movie all physical aspects are shown,such as extreme close-ups of genitalia, oral, vaginal, andanal penetration, and also ejaculation. Much of the timeemphasis is put on the painful and humiliating experienceof the woma n, for the sole satisfaction of the male. Softcore pornography, or X-rated pornography, is less explicitin terms of what is shown and the sexual act is usuallyput in the light of mutual enjoyment for both the male andfemale parties(Cameron and Frazer 23). Triple-Xpornography is manufactured and sold legally in the UnitedStates. Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer point outthat other forms of hard core pornography that have to bekept under wraps, made and sold illegally in underground?black markets. These are ultraviolent, ?snuff, andchild pornography. Ultraviolent tapes or videos show theactual torture, rape, and sometime mutilation of a woman. ?Snuff films go even future to depict the actual death ofa victim, and child pornography reveals the use ofunder-age or pre-pubescent children for sexual purposes(17-18). These types of pornogrpahy cross over theboundaries of entertainment and are definitely hard core. Now that pornography has been defined in a fashionmirroring its content, it is now possible to touch uponthe more complex ways a community, as a society , views ordefines it. Some have said it is impossible for a groupof individuals to form a concrete opinion as to whatpornography means. A U.S. Supreme Court judge is quotedas saying, ?I cant define pornography, but I know it whenI see it? (Itzin 20). This statement can be heard atcommunity meetings in every state, city, and county acrossthe nation. Community standards are hazy due to the factthat when asked what pornography is to them, mostindividuals cannot express or explain in words whatpornography is, therefore creating confusion amongthemselves. Communities are left somewhat helpless in this mattersince the federal courts passed legislation to keeppornography available to adults. The courts assess thatto ban or censor the material would be infringing on thepublics First Amendment Right (Carol 28). MaureenOBrien quotes critics of a congressionally terminatedbill, the Pornography Victims Compensation Act, as saying?That if it had passed, it would have had severelychilling effects on the First Amendment, allowing victimsof sexual crimes to file suit against producers anddistributors of any work that was proven to have had?caused the attack, such as graphic material in books,magazines, videos, films, and records? (7). People in acommunity debating over pornography often have differentviews as to whether or not it should even be madeavailable period, and some could even argue this pointagainst the types of women used in pornography: ?A fargreater variety of female types are shown as desirable inpornography than mainstream films a nd network televisionhave ever recognized: fat women, flat women, hairy women,aggressive women, older women, you name it? (Carol 25). If we could all decide on just exactly what pornography isand what is acceptable, there wouldnt be so much debateover the issue of censoring it. The bounds of community standards have been stretchedby mainstreaming movies, opening the way even further forthe legalization of more explicit fare (Jenish 53). Inmost contemporary communities explicit sex that is withoutviolent or dehumanizing acts is acceptable in Americansociety today. These community standards have not been around verylong. When movies were first brought out, they wereheavily restricted and not protected by the FirstAmendment, because films then were looked upon only asdiversionary entertainment and business.Even though sexualimages were highly monitored, the movie industry was hitso hard during the Great Depression that film-makers foundthemselves sneaking in as much sexual content as possible,even then they saw that ?sex sells (Clark 1029). Filmswere highly restricted throughout the 30s, 40s, and 50sby the industry, but once independent films of the 60ssuch as: ?Bonnie and Clyde? and ?Whose afraid of VirginiaWoolfe (Clark 1029-30), both with explicit language,sexual innuendo, and violence started out-performing thelarger ?wholesome production companies, many of thebarriers holding sex and violence back were torn down inthe name of profit . Adult content was put into movieslong ago, we have become more immune and cant expect itto get any better o r to go away. Porn is here for good. .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .postImageUrl , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:hover , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:visited , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:active { border:0!important; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:active , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Triumphant Reconstruction EssayPornography is a multi-million dollar internationalindustry, ultimately run by organized crime all over theworld, and is produced by the respectable mainstreampublishing business companies (Itzin 21). Although thepublishing companies are thought to be ?respectable,people generally stereotype buyers and users ofpornographic material as ?dirty old men in trenchcoats,but most patrons of adult stores are well-educated peoplewith disposable income (Jenish 52). Porno movies provideadults of both genders with activities they normallywouldnt get in everyday life, such as oral pleasures ordifferent types of fetishes. Ultimately adultentertainment is just a quick-fix for grown-ups, asjunk-food would be for small children. Pornographys main purpose is to serve asmasturbatory stimuli for males and to provide a sexualvent. Although in the beginning, society saw it asperverted and sinful, it was still considered relativelyharmless. Today there is one case studie, standing outfrom the rest, that tends to shatter this illusion. The study done my Monica D. Weisz and Christopher M. Earls used ?eighty-seven males . . . that were randomlyshown one of four films?, by researchers William Tooke andMartin Lalumiere: ?Deliverance, Straw Dogs, Die Hard II,and Days of Thunder?, for a study on how they would reactto questions about sexual violence and offenders afterwatching. In the four films there is sexual aggressionagainst a male, sexual aggression against a female,physical aggression, and neutrality-no explicit scenes ofphysical or sexual aggression. Out of this study themales were more acceptable of interpersonal violence andrape myths and also more attracted to sexual aggression. These same males were less sympathetic to rape victims andwere noted less likely to find a defendant guilty of rape(71). These four above mentioned movies are mainstreamedR-rated films. If a mainstream movie can cause this kindof distortion of value and morality, then it should becomeevident that continuous viewing/use of pornographic filmsdepicting violent sex and aggression could lead v ulnerablepersons into performing or participating in sexualviolence against their partners or against a stranger. Bill Marshall, psychology professor at QueensUniversity and director of a sexual behavior clinic inKingston, interviewed one-hundred and twenty men, betweenthe years 1980 and 1985, who had molested children orraped women. In his conclusion he found that pornographyappeared to be a significant factor in the chain of eventsleading up to a deviant act in 25% of these cases (Nicols60). The results of this study should prove thatpornography obviously has a down side to it. According to Mark Nicols, a psychology professor atthe University of Michigan, Neil Malamuth, concludes quitecautiously that some messages combined with other factors,including the viewers personality type, in pornographycan lead to antisocial behavior and make individuals lesssensitive to violence. Dr. Marshall also quotes men inNicols article as saying, ?that they looked at pornographywith the intent to masturbate, but then became aroused,and decided to go out and assault a woman or child.? Menwho are drawn into pornography and use it frequently, havealso been proven to suggest more lenient prison terms forsex offenders? (60). If this previous statement is true,should we reevaluate how many men serve on juries forthese trials?Itzin gives possible support for these theories. Itcan be found in the case of an ex-prostitute who had herpubic hair removed with a jackknife and was forced by herpimp to be filmed reenacting what they had seen inpornographic movies; she was sexually assaulte d and forcedto have intercourse with animals, generally dogs. Anothersuch case is one of a woman who reports having metal clipsattached to her breasts, being tied to a chair, and beingraped and beaten continuously for twelve hours (22-24). The dehumanizing, degradation, and reduction of a womansbody isnt just a result of viewed pornography, it isoften inseminated into the production of a pornographicproject. During the making of ?Deep Throat?, a 1970spornographic film, Linda Marchiano (a.k.a. LindaLovelace), was presented to the public as a liberatedwoman with an ever present and unfulfilled appetite forfellatio. What isnt known to the general public is thatduring the making of the movie, she was hypnotized tosuppress the natural gagging reaction, was tortured whencaught trying to escape, and also held at gun-point by herboss, who threatened her with death (Itzin 22). Ms. Marchiano did escape and when her story was told, it wasrepeated by a number of women in the pornography business. According to DArcy Jenish many children are luredinto the pornography industry by choosing first to model. These young teens egos are boosted when they are told, and are asked ?if they workout. More often than not, they are told ?to take off shirts?, and then asked ?Do you feel nervous(36). These youngsters honestly dont know when too muchis too much, and what they dont know could put them inserious danger. Calvin Klein, once known for being a reputableclothing designer, is now known for his racy ads usingteens. Some feel he crossed the line when he chose thistype of advertising. Jenish observes that theseadvertisements ?featured an array of . . . teen-agedmodels dressed in loose jeans or hiked-up skirts, oneshowing bare breasts, others offering androgynous modelskissing? (36). If adults in positions of power act thisway, these youngsters cannot expect other adults to actany differently. Therefore they accept this type ofbehavior as normal. Diana Russell claims that tactics like these arebeing used more often in advertising and television, whichhas led media watchdogs and anti-porn activists to believethat this sort of masked imitation of pornography tricksmainstream television viewers into having an ?everybodysdoing it? attitude about pornography. She also feels thatthis attitude subconsciously leads them into seekingpornography out (39). We need to show the youngergeneration that everyone is not doing ?it, and that it isall right not to have sex if they feel pressured. Another problem anti-pornography activists believearises from regular viewing of pornography, is theacceptance of ?rape myths?. Rape myth is a termpertaining to peoples views on rape, rapists, and sexualassaults, wherein it is assumed that the victim of asexual crime is either partially or completely to blame(Allen 6). To help understand the rape myth a ?Rape MythAcceptance Scale? was established, which lists some of themost prominent beliefs that a person accepting the rapemyth has. They are as follows:1. A woman who goes to the home or apartmentof a man on their first date implies that she is willing to have sex. 2. One reason that women falsely report a rapeis that they frequently have a need to call attention to themselves. 3. Any healthy woman can successfully resista rapist if she really wants to. 4. When women go around braless or wearingshort skirts and tight tops, they are justasking for trouble. 5. In the majority or rapes, the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation. 6. If a girl engages in necking or petting and she lets things get out of hand, it is herown fault if her partner forces sex on her. 7. Women who get raped while hitchhiking getwhat they deserve. 8. Many women have an unconscious wish to be raped, and may then set upa situation in which they are likely to beattacked. 9. If a woman gets drunk at a party and has intercourse with a man shes just met there, she should be considered ?fair game?to other males at the party who want to have sex with her too, whether she wants toor not (Burt 217). Pauline Bart reports that studies held simultaneouslyat UCLA and St. Xavier College on students, demonstratethat pornography does positively reinforce the rape myth. Men and women were exposed to over four hours of exoticvideo (of varying types; i.e. soft, hard core, etc.) andthen asked to answer a set of questions meant to gagetheir attitudes of sex crimes. All the men were proven tobe more accepting to rape myths, and surprisingly, overhalf of the women were also (123). Once again, the womenin these films were portrayed as insatiable and in need ofconstant fulfillment. After so much exposure to women inthis light from films and books, it is generally taken forgranted that women should emulate this type of behavior inreal life(125). comment?Of all the studies and examples from real lifesituations connecting pornography with violent behaviorand sexual aggressiveness, none are more concrete than theactivities the Serbian military are part of every day nowin the Bosnian war. Part of th e ?ethnic cleansing?process the Serbs are practicing in Bosnia involves thegang-raping of all Muslim and Croatian women. AndreaDworkin states that it is mandatory for the Serbiansoldiers to rape the wives and female children of Muslimmen. Concentration camps are set up as brothels wherewomen are ordered to satisfy the soldiers in the mostpainful and dehumanizing ways imaginable. The women inthese camps are taped with cam-corders and the videos aredisplayed everywhere throughout the camps to lower thewomans will and need to resist. Were do the soldiers getthe inspiration to commit these crimes, from commercialpornography. Serbian troops are basically force-fed porn;it is present all through training and is made readilyavailable to (even pushed upon) the soldiers. They arebasically asked to ?watch and learn?. After the seed isplanted not much is needed to be done, because they arenaturally instilled with the desire to repeat what theyhave seen, and are not concerned with the feelings of thewomen. They have seen that some women have no feelingsand are meant to be used merely for sexual gratification(M2-M6). To add insult to injury, some of the tapes ofthese women being victimized have entered the blackmarket, being sold internationally, possible infecting theminds of millions. .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .postImageUrl , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:hover , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:visited , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:active { border:0!important; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:active , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nu Wa Myth - Chinese Myth And Legends EssayPornogrpahy has enamored itself as a large part ofour modern society. It is seldom discussed and oftenhidden as a dirty secret, but porn still seems to play amajor part in the shaping of our morals and behaviors. Although some say pornography is relatively harmless, aconsiderable larger group seem to uphold the assumptionthe porn works in negative and disruptive ways on thosewho view it and participate. Nearly all the researchsupports this assumption, so it is evident the the topicis in need of much more examination and debate. Even though the majority of modern society viewspornography as objectionable and sometimes obscene, thereare some that do not agree with the assumption thatpornography is guilty of the defamation of women and theirsexual roles. Social observationalists, such as MaryWhite, at the University of Michigan often agree with herstatement on the part women play in pornogrpahy whichexplains that ?since most pornographic material plays upto male fantasy, women are usually the aggressors, hencewomen are given a semblance of empowerment. Also, themajority of these women in the material are veryattractive, therefore seen as the forms of beauty anddesire, something to be respected and worked for? (72). Although White may not realize it, this statementreinforced most of the arguments made in support of thenotion that pornography is subordinating and degrading towomen. By saying that being sexually aggressive gives awoman empowerment, she limits a womans ability to reachempowerment to sexual activit y alone, and by claiming thatthe use of attractive women in pornographic material lendsto a view of women being desirable, she inadvertentlyexcludes women that dont fit societys mold of the modelphysical female, (i.e. overweight, small breasted, short,etc.). Most of the arguments similar to Whites followthe same line of reasoning, and are easily broken down inthe same manner as hers. In regards to pornogrpahy perpetuating violent actstoward women, pornography defenders claim that the use ofpornographic material can act as a cathartic release,actual lessening the likelihood of males committingviolent acts. The reasoning is that the pornogrpahy cansubstitute for sex and that the ?want to commit sexualcrimes is acted out vicariously through the pornographicmaterial (Whicclair 327). This argument, however, doesnot explain the crimes committed by serial killers likeTed Bundy and John Wayne Gacey, who regularly viewedpornography during the lengths of their times betweenmurders and rapes (Scully 70). By saying that pornogrpahywould reduce harm to women through cathartic effects,pornography defenders display a large lack in reasoningbecause through their argument the rise in the productionof pornography would have led to a decrease in sexualcrimes, but as has been shown previously, that simply isnot true. Pornographers and pornography defenders proclaim thatthe link between pornography and violence is exaggeratedand that the research linking pornography to sexual crimesis inconclusive. They state that the fundamentals of sexcrimes are found inherently in the individuals and thatthe sexual permissiveness of American society cannot beblamed on the increase of pornographys availability(Jacobson 79). David Adams, a co-founder and executivedirector of Emerge, a Boston counseling center for malebatterers, states, ?that only a minority of his clients(perhaps 10 to 20 percent) use hard-core pornography. Heestimates that half may have substance abuse problems, andadds that alcohol seems more directly involved in abusethan pornography? (Kaminer 115). The statement made byAdams and the view that pornography does not contribute tothe act of sex crimes is heavily outweighed, however, bythe various studies connecting violence and pornography. Bill Marshalls observations on his patients and theexamp les of individual crimes originating frompornography, show this acclimation to be invalidated. Some also say that attacks on pornography merelyreflect the majority of feminists disdain for men,cynically stating that people who fear pornography thinkof all men as potential abusers, whose violent impulsesare bound to be sparked by pornography (114). ResearcherCatherin MacKinnon, says that ?pornography works as abehavioral conditioner, reinforcer, and stimulus, not asidea or advocacy? (114). However, this idea is proven tobe false by the use of pornography in and by the Serbianmilitary. This example shows that pornography doesadvocate sex crimes and that ideas of sexual violence areable to be stemmed from the viewing of pornography. Pornography has become to most just another one ofthose cold, nasty facts of life that cannot be stopped, sosome choose to ignore it. This attitude has to change. After reviewing the abuse and subordination delegated towomen as an almost indisputable result of the massinfiltration of pornography into modern society, it shouldbe impossible for someone not to want to do somethingabout it. What can be done is for those concerned to tryto spread the word and educate others as much as possibleto the dangers of this sort of material. If people knewthe roots of some of their more violent behavior, it couldbe deminished, thus protecting the future and health ofour communities. From its inception, in most cases, pornography is amedia that links sexual gratification and violencetogether. This fact can only lead a rational mind to theconclusion that a chain of events will begin, combiningsex and violence further in the minds of those who watchpornography and will ensure an unhealthy attitude towardswomen and their sexual identities. Only throughdiscussion and individual action can the perpetuation ofthe negative impacts of pornography be swept from theclosets and dark corners of the American household. Works CitedAllen, Mike. ?Exposure to Pornography and Acceptance of Rape Myths.? Journal of Communication. Winter,1995: 5-21. Bart, Pauline B., and Patricia H. OBrien. Stopping Rape:Successful Survival Strategies. New York: PergamonPress, 1985. Burt, M. ?Cultural Myths and Supports for Rape.? Journalof Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (1980): 217-230. Cameron, Deborah, and Elizabeth Frazer. The Lust to Kill. New York: New York UP, 1987. Carol, Avedon. ?Free Speech and the Porn Wars.? NationalForum. 75.2 (1985): 25-28. Clark, Charles S. ?Sex, Violence, and the Media.? CQResearcher. 17 Nov. 1995: 1019-1033. Dworkin, Andrea. ?The Real Pornography of A Brutal WarAgainst Women.? Los Angeles Times. 5 Sept. 1993,M2+. Itzin, Catherine. ?Pornogrpahy and Civil Liberties.? National Review. 75.2 (1985): 20-24. Jacobson, Daniel. ?Freedom of Speech Acts? A Response to Langton.? Philosophy Public Affairs. Summer 1992: 65-79. Jenish, DArcy. ?The King of Porn.? Macleans. 11 Oct. 1993: 52-56. ?Did Sexy Kalvin Klein Ads Go Too Far Macleans. 2 Oct. 1995: 36. Kaminer, Wendy. ?Feminists Against the First Amendment.? The Atlantic Monthly. Nov. 1992: 111-118. Leidholdt, Margaret. Take Back The Night: Women onPornography. New York: William Morrow and Company,Inc., 1980. Nicols, Mark. ?Viewers and Victims.? Newsweek. 10 Aug. 1983: 60. Russell, Diana E.H., ed. Making Violence Sexy: FeministView on Pornography. New York: Teachers CollegePress, 1994. Websters Dictionary. Miami Florida. P.S.I. Associates. 1987: 286. Weisz, Monica G., and Christopher M. Earls. ?The Effectsof Exposure to Filmed Sexual Violence on AttitudesToward Rape.? Journal of Interpersonal Violence. March 1995: 71-84. Whicclair, Mark. R. ?Feminism, Pornography, andCensorship.? Contemporary Moral Problems. ed. JamesWhite. Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN: 1994. White, Mary. ?Women As Victim: The New Stereotype.? Spin. Apr. 1992: 60-65.

The Physics of Golf essays

The Physics of Golf essays As anyone who has played a round of golf will attest to, the sport is based around many fundamental principals of physics. These basic laws are involved with every aspect of the game from how a player swings the club to how the ball moves through the air on its way toward the pin. It is the challenge that physics presents to the golfer that has allowed the game, and equipment used, to develop so drastically over the past one hundred years. The first golf balls used were called featheries. They were made with a horsehide cover packed with wet goose feathers. When the balls dried they became extremely hard. The major flaw with the featheries was that they could not be used when the conditions were wet because they would soften again.[5] Despite the flaw of the featheries, they remained the only ball used up until the middle of the 19th century when the revolutionary gutta-percha ball was invented. The new ball, sometimes referred to as a guttie, was molded from the warmed, dried gum of the sapodilla tree.[5] These balls were cheap to manufacture and opened up the game of golf to a more diverse socio-economic group. This in turn made the game of golf very popular, which led to dramatic improvements in golf balls in the next decades. In 1900 a unique event occurred. Some claim that it can be called the first professional sports endorsement. The Spalding Company paid Englands Harry Vardon a considerable sum of money to come to the United States to demonstrate what he could do in winning tournaments using the latest ball design. He won the U.S. Open using the new rubber-wound Haskell ball.[5] This led to another major revolution in the design of the golf ball. Not only was this ball cheap to manufacture, but also it could be hit farther than any other ball previously used. The Haskell ball was such a success that it was not until 1968 that the two-piece balls of today emerged in the market. Obviously...

Marine Reserve Area (MPA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marine Reserve Area (MPA) - Essay Example The term MPA is used in the generic sense covering all marine sites that meet the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources’s (IUCN) protected area definition â€Å"regardless of purpose, design, management approach, or gazetted name including marine reserve, sanctuary, and marine park† (UNEP-WCMC, 2008, p.18). â€Å"Historically, protected areas were established on an individual ad hoc basis rather than through a systematic, planned process† (UNEP-WCMC, 2008, p.13). In the case of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), from as early as 1988, the need for a global protective system was recognized at various important global conferences. The establishment of marine protected areas were to be consistent with international law, based on scientific information, and required the formation of a global network of Marine Protected Areas. While regional action and targets aimed to establish protected area systems by 2010 based on regional and environmental conventions and protocols, the Congress also recommended the establishment of MPA networks across 20 to 30% of the world’s oceans by 2012. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) took into consideration all the recommendations, and responded by making it mandatory for all parties to establish protected areas as planned and managed as a system or network. Marine protected areas are developed for fulfilling multiple objectives. They take into consideration conservation of the biodiversity and genetic diversity of the area, preserving ecosystems and maintaining ecological processes, and sustainable use of natural resources. Further, MPAs protect commercially valuable species, replenish depleted stocks, provide protection from natural hazards, and undertake education and research in related fields. Marine protected areas also ensure benefits to society and the economy, and promote

What is the Bottom of the Pyramid approach, and why is it consider Essay

What is the Bottom of the Pyramid approach, and why is it consider controversial - Essay Example In this regard, the poor are seen to be resilient and enterprising in terms of managing their budgets with the meagre income they earn. In essence, the BOP concept has gained prominence out of the consideration of the over 4billion poor around the world who are ignored by multinational corporations, for instance. Consequently, BOP views this group to be significant in terms of influencing trade and growth. The proponents of BOP further suggests that market development targeting the BOP group leads to the development of new entrepreneurs, particularly, at the grass root level. While BOP approach appears controversial, it has opened up opportunities for multinationals to exploit and serve the BOP consumers effectively. For example, the establishment of micro-finance organisations in Kenya, for instance, has helped entrepreneurs in the informal sector to grow their businesses from small to medium sized businesses. While BOP approach has opened up market opportunities, it is considered that targeting the poor can result in wasteful spending of the already meagre income they earn. On the other hand, BOP considers spending by the estimated 4billion poor should be left free to decide how to use their earnings since they are value-conscious consumers. As such, they are the only ones who can determine how to maximise their utility. However, a free market ideology such as the poor’s right to maximise their utility tends to harm the disadvantaged in the society. This is because while the poor also can make choices just like the advantaged in the society, some of the decisions are not thought out properly. This approach is also controversial in the sense that, the poor are affected by numerous social issues and cannot be compared with the upper or middle-class population in terms of making informed choices. This is because a larger percentage of the disadvantaged in the society appears vulnerab le due to lack of proper education. They are also